Many in India have been trying to falsely portray the latest horrific attacks on Hindus in Bangladesh as “isolated incidents” that are aberrations and not reflective of the ‘secular and syncretic’ culture of Bangladesh.

But they are wrong, and grossly so. The attacks this time (they started Wednesday last week and are continuing) are part of the Hindu genocide that commenced exactly 75 years ago in Noakhali where hundreds of Hindus were killed, countless womenfolk raped and forcibly converted to Islam, and Hindus displaced from their properties.

While there is no shortage of historical scholars, sages, and teachers in Hinduism, but there is no firm date of origin for Hinduism, either. The earliest known sacred texts of Hinduism, the Vedas, date back to at least 4000 BCE, but some date them back even further, to 8000-6000 BCE. Unlike the Abrahamic religions of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity which is considered to have a historical founder like Muhammad, Abraham, and Jesus, Hinduism (Sanatana Dharma) has descended directly from Almighty God (Bhagwan). 

But it’s also a ghastly truth that Hindus are the only religious community who have experienced both historical and ongoing religious persecution and systematic violence, in the form of forced conversions, documented massacres, demolition, and desecration of temples, as well as the destruction of educational centers. 

Although, in the past history has witnessed thousands of Hindu Genocide, but recent Hindus Genocide in the past 100 years are:

• 1921 Moplah Genocide
• 1946 East Bengal Hindu Genocide
• 1947 Hindus Genocide during the Partition of Undivided India 1966 Hindus Sadhus Genocide
• 1971 Bangladesh Hindu Genocide
• 1984- 91 Punjab Hindus Genocide
• 1989 Kashmiri Hindus Genocide
• 1990’s Afghanistan Hindus Genocide
• Pakistan Hindus Genocide after its creation
• Bangladesh Hindus Genocide after its creation

Hindus women raped during Pre-Independence Days

Since 1946, Hindus in Bangladesh have been attacked, maimed and killed, Hindu women (including minor girls) raped, forcibly converted to Islam and married off to old men or sold to brothels, millions of acres of land belonging to Hindus have been forcibly taken over and tens of thousands of Hindus have been evicted from their homes and denied livelihood.

That is why millions of Hindus have migrated to India since 1947. Had the continuing attacks on them been ‘isolated incidents’ and ‘aberrations’, millions of Hindus would not have fled their homes and heath and abandoned whatever little they possessed across the border to migrate to India and become ‘stateless citizens’ here over the last 75 years.

Pre-Bangladesh Hindus Genocide

The pre-Independence era has witnessed a history of bloodshed against Hindus. The brutality against Hindus was a common phenomenon in then East Bengal (Today’s Bangladesh) because Hindus were a historically religious minority but at the time of Independence due to partition of the country, genocide against Hindus on the basis of religion was exemplary. Since 1947 the violence against Hindus in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) is a continuous phenomenon and followed religiously by the majority of Muslims irrespective of political parties in Power.

This has been well documented by many historians and researchers. “Harassment of Hindu women, minor attacks on Hindus, restrictions on observance of Hindu festivals, desecration of mandirs, economic boycott of Hindu traders and other such acts which remained well below the radar made Hindus feel very insecure in the Muslim-dominated districts of that province. Hindus who were relatively well-off started migrating to the western part of Bengal and to Assam after selling off their properties there,” said researcher Bibhas Kumar Mukhopadhyay.

History of innumerable incidence of atrocities against Hindus like killing, rape, slaughter, forcible annexation of properties, burning of houses and abduction are taking place and in a considerable number of cases, the violators are the cadres of various political parties irrespective of whether they are ruling or are in opposition. According to an estimation, more than 475 persons belonging to the minority community are migrating from Bangladesh daily.

After the 1947 genocide, Hindus were persecuted the most in 1971 due to which large-scale migration of Hindus to India took place. According to estimates, at the time of the Bangladesh Liberation War, almost 2.5 million Hindus were butchered in one of the biggest genocides of the century.

“Kill three million of them and the rest will eat out of our hands,” Pakistan’s military President Gen. Yahya Khan is said to have ordered before the start of the brutal ‘Operation Searchlight’ on the night of March 25, 1971.

As per the article in ‘Time Magazine‘ dated 2 August 1971, stated: “The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred“.

According to BBC “Official estimates say more than three million were killed and tens of thousands of women raped during the Bangladesh war of independence. The minority Hindu community suffered disproportionately because some Pakistanis blamed them for Bangladesh's secession”.

Creation of Bangladesh

Bangladesh was born on December 16th, 1971 when the Pakistan Army signed an “Instrument of Surrender” to the Indian Army.

Bangladesh was premised on a secular and democratic ethos as “Paragraph II of the preamble of the first constitution of Bangladesh which was adopted on November 4, 1972, accepted “Nationalism”, “Socialism”, “Democracy” and “Secularism” as state principles. But “soon after its birth, the political history and politics of Bangladesh found itself within the twists and turns of majoritarian politics”.

Through the Eighth Amendment to the constitution on 7 June 1988, Islam was declared as the state religion of Bangladesh (Article 2 Clause A) with the provision that other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony. “The above changes were brought about by successive political regimes to consolidate their power base by appealing to the sentiments of the majority. This not only transformed the political identity of the state but also created internal polarization”.

Since the change in the constitution, the minority community especially Hindu’s faces discrimination and continuous atrocities, violence, and killings. It has been proven that the political process and the political parties were a major source of discrimination against minorities.

Pandora Box Of Bangladesh Political Cloud

Islam is the state religion of Bangladesh and the government is run by the four-party alliance and out of these four is one fundamentalist Islamic party called Jamaat-e-Islam, which stood hostile to the cause of independence of Bangladesh. In 50 years of its creation, two of the basic principles of the war of Independence, Secularism and Democracy-have been very adversely affected and had been witnessed many times recently by attacks on Hindu Temples and the Killing of innocent Hindus.  As Secularism was dropped from the constitution and Islam was made the religion of the land, the minorities have turned into second-grade citizens.

Out of 50 years of its history, Bangladesh was under military rule for a good period in its initial period. The main and major partner party of the present government was also born under the initiative and design of the first military ruler of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Awami League (born 50 years ago), the political party that led the war of liberation ruled the country for 5 years (1996-2001) and is also in power since 2009.

Hindu Population In Bangladesh

Ever since the birth of Bangladesh, the Hindu population has declined considerably.

Source: BBS Population Report, 1991, Ct from, Shishir Moral, Rights of Religious Minorities, in Hameeda Hossain (ed).

Bangladesh has a total land of 147570 square kilometers with 165 million populations (as per the 2011 census). Out of these 91% (150 million are Muslims), 8.5% (13 million Hindus), and others constitute Buddhists, Christians, and ethnic people belonging to 45 aboriginal communities.

As per the latest reports Poverty declined from 43.5 percent in 1991 to 14.3 percent in 2016, based on the international poverty line of $1.90 a day (using 2011 Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate). 

Chronology Of Hindus Atrocities For First 35 Years After Bangladesh Creation

Many Bangladeshi scholars like Salam Azad who was Executive Director, Amity for Peace, Bangladesh hold the view that Islam became the state religion in Bangladesh. Since 1982, a concept diametrically opposed to the slogans and principles on the basis of which the Bangladesh freedom movement started i.e., “Secularism” and “Democracy”. Consequently, the minorities particularly Hindus, have been marginalized to the extent that they became “Unwanted Low-Grade” Citizens in their own country.

In almost all of the cases, the Hindus are not getting justice from the judiciary. While depicting the plight of Hindus and exemplifying the nature of injustice, Azad says “The writ petitions made by ASK, an NGO to safeguard minority rights had not been responded to. Democracy without secularism has been negatively acting over the freedom of the minority communities. Some NGOs stood as shelter for the minorities but that too has been obstructed by creating grouping among NGOs. Rights of the citizens belonging to the minority communities are thus curtailed in manifold ways”.

Bangladesh Curfew

1990 -91

• In October 1990, the Bangladesh government imposed an indefinite curfew on older sections of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh after a number of Hindu shops, temples, and homes in Chittagong, Dhaka, and other cities were attacked. The curfew was ordered after an attempt by protesters to set fire to Hindu temples in old sections of Dhaka. Police foiled the attempts, but the demonstrator seized cameras of newsmen outside the temple.
• The US Dept. of State in February 1991, reported a number of harassments, beatings, robbery, vandalism, and encroachment on property directed against non-Muslims especially Hindus.

1992

• In December 1992, Bangladesh’s Jihadis Muslims attacked and burnt down Hindu temples and shops across the whole country. The Jihadi too disrupted an India-Bangladesh cricket match. About 5,000 jihadis with rods and bamboo sticks tried to storm Dhaka National Stadium, but they were beaten back by police firing tear gas and rubber bullets. At least 10 people have died, many Hindu women have been raped, and hundreds of Hindu homes and temples have been destroyed.

Taslima Nasreen

1993 – 94

• On Oct. 16th, 1993, Hindus in Bangladesh decided to curtail Durga Puja, the main Hindu festival celebrations which were scheduled to start on October 21st, 1993 in view of the “Atrocities” committed against Hindus in December 1992. The Hindus have demanded that damaged and destroyed temples be repaired and that an inquiry be held into the attack on a Hindu religious procession in Dhaka in August 1993. But no action was taken by Bangladeshi Government.
• In November 1993, several thousand Muslim Jihadis marched through the streets of Dhaka to demand the arrest and execution of Taslima Nasrin, a female Muslim author critical of male chauvinism and Islamic fundamentalism. Ms. Nasrin, 31, has received death threats for her novel “Lajja” (Shame), which condemns Muslim mobs that attacked Hindus in Bangladesh. The government banned Lajja in July of 1993, six months after it was published. The campaign against Ms. Nasrin gained momentum after a little-known group called the “Council of the Soldiers of Islam” placed a 50,000 Taka (Bangladeshi Currency) on her head at a public meeting in the conservative north-eastern district of Sylhet. The group claimed that Nasrin’s books decried the Koran, and the Prophet Mohammad, making it a perfect case of Blasphemy, thus causing offense to the country’s majority Muslim population. In June 1994, the Bangladesh government ordered the arrest of Taslima Nasrin, a feminist writer of the novel, Lajja (Shame).
• In February 1994, Muslim majority Jihadis attacked a 15th-century temple housing a priceless record of Hindu history. This temple attracts thousands of devotees every year to remote Dinajpur, a town in the northernmost corner of Bangladesh. According to Government Archeology Department records, it was built in 1452 by a Hindu Raja (King). Every autumn nearly 100,000 Hindus devotees and people of other faiths from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka camp near the temple for a 3-week annual fair.

1995

• In March, US State Department’s reported that the Hindu, Christian, and Buddhist minorities are still disadvantaged in terms of access to government jobs and political office. Further, Islamic extremists were reported to have violently attacked women, religious minorities, journalists, writers, and development workers.
• In June, the leader of Bangladesh’s opposition, Sheikh Hasina of the Awami League, agreed that the religious rights of Hindu minorities in Bangladesh have been curtailed by constitutional changes of the removal of secularism as a state principle in 1977 and the institution of Islam as the state religion in 1988. Prem Ranjan Dev, the leader of the Hindu community, called for the repeal of these amendments and for the government to rebuild Hindu temples that were destroyed between 1971 and 1993.
• In July, The World Hindu Conference calls on the United Nations to investigate threats against the fundamental rights of Hindus residing in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Kashmir.
• In November of the same year, a study by a Roman Catholic relief organization, Misereor, states that “In Bangladesh, there has been a rapid increase of support for Islamic extremists and multi atrocities against minorities”.

Bangladesh Nationalist Party Jihadis

1996

• 1997In January, Bangladesh police stormed dormitories reserved for Hindu and other minorities students at Dhaka University. More than 300 Hindus were wounded and 95 Hindus were arrested on a false pretext.
• In March 1996, When the ruling Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) steps down amid protracted shutdowns and well-planned violent protests by Islamic Jihadis against Hindus throughout Bangladesh. It was reported that these protests left more than 130 Hindus dead and thousands injured.
• In the same month, US State Department’s 1995 Report on Bangladesh’s Human Rights Practices indicates that property ownership by Hindus remains a contentious issue. In the early years following Bangladesh’s independence, many Hindus lost their land due to discriminatory legislation, which was still in place.
• In June 1996, during the Bangladesh elections, Hindus in some areas of Bangladesh, including the Chittagong Hills, were intimidated and stopped from voting in the elections.

• In August, supporters of the opposition party Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), carried a nationwide strike. During the protests, the jihadi group attacked a Hindu religious procession in the Chittagong Hill Tracts region. Several Hindus were injured.

1998

• In March 1998, the major opposition party of Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), calls for a boycott of all Indian goods. Several Anti-Hindus rallies were organized across Bangladesh. This led to lots of atrocities against Hindus especially women.

Bangladesh Nationalist Party Militia staging a Protest

1999

• In January, police were deployed in the western town of Kushtia after Islamic militants threaten to attack Hindu temples in retaliation for an alleged dishonor to the Koran. Bangladesh Jihadi party, Jamaat-i-Islami, did this on the pretext of Blasphemy.
• In March, the report was published which clearly mentions discrimination against Hindu Women. Hindu women in Bangladesh suffer greater gender discrimination than Muslim women due to existing legislation that governs the religious community. Hindu women do not have any legal rights to inherit property and as no formal registration of Hindu marriages is required, Hindu women do not have the legal right to divorce. Under Bangladesh’s Muslim laws, Muslim women are allowed to divorce under compelling circumstances. The worst part is that government is not in favor of amendments to the marriage and inheritance laws governing Hindus.

2004

• On June 2nd, 2004, a group of armed men, led by a local Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) leader allegedly set fire to 20 houses belonging to minority Hindus in the Natore district of Bangladesh. In this barbaric act, more than 30 persons were injured out of which 5 were seriously injured. More than 20 Hindu houses were also burnt.
• On May 19th, 2004, US Congressman Frank Pallone spoke out against the persecution of Hindu minorities in Bangladesh and warned the Bangladeshi Government led by Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), not to actively undermine the harmony of the region

Hindus Temples Destruction

2005

• On October 15th, Hindu places of worship came under attack by suspected militant Muslim youths in northern Bangladesh. It was reported that many Hindus were killed and many more injured in an attack on a Hindu temple in the farming town of Peergacha.

2006

• The year 2006 witnessed savage cruelty on a lot of Hindus. On June 8th, 2 Hindu men from a local Hindu community were chopped to death and 4 others seriously injured in an attack by Islamic miscreants at Sakokati village in Gournadi Upazila district.
• In the same year, On Oct 4th, at least 20 Hindus were injured in an attack by Islamic militants at Purbapara Kalibari Puja Mandap in Devidwar Upazila district.  The group attacked the mandap, damaged valuables, looted gold ornaments from women, and beat up people indiscriminately leaving 20 injured.
• On 2 November 2006, USCIRF criticized Bangladesh for its continuing persecution of minority Hindus. It also urged the Bush administration to get Dhaka to ensure the protection of religious freedom and minority rights before Bangladesh’s next national elections in January 2007

In October 2006, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom published a report titled 'Policy Focus on Bangladesh', which said that since its last election, "Bangladesh has experienced growing violence by religious extremists, intensifying concerns expressed by the countries religious minorities". The report further stated that "Hindus are particularly vulnerable in a period of rising violence and extremism, whether motivated by religious, political, or criminal factors, or some combination". The report noted that "Hindus had multiple disadvantages against them in Bangladesh, such as perceptions of dual loyalty with respect to India and religious beliefs that are not tolerated by the politically dominant Islamic Fundamentalists of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party". Violence against Hindus has taken place "in order to encourage them to flee in order to seize their property".

Underlying Cause of Violence

The larger objective of these kinds of violence and attack is to grab the land of Hindus. According to Jyotrimoy Barua, a Supreme Court lawyer in the capital Dhaka, “When we say it’s just political, it legitimizes the violence, Most of the people’s houses they are burning are poor. If you burn their house, they will leave the country, and you get their land.” “The Vested Property Act remained in force until 2001, allowing the government to expropriate “enemy” (in practice, Hindu) lands. Over the course of its existence, the government seized approximately 2.6 million acres of land, affecting almost all Hindus in the country (IRFR, 2012)”. Once the land is acquired, the influential and political people used to grab those lands and most of the Hindu families in Bangladesh is affected by this law.

“Many Hindus continued efforts to recover land lost under the act. The Vested Properties Return (Amendment) Bill of 2011 obligates the government to publish lists of returnable vested property through gazette notification within 120 days. Subsequently, Hindu leaders submitted applications to reclaim previously seized vested property and requested an extension to prepare further applications. The Vested Property Return (Second Amendment) Act of 2012, passed on September 18, gives an additional 180 days for interested parties to submit applications for adjudication (IRFR, 2012)” but in practical these return act has not been enforced properly. According to Barkat et al (2008), in most of the cases, the beneficiary of these vested properties are the influential political people of different areas across political parties.

According to Jyotrimoy Barua “The violence isn’t just perpetrated by Jamat-e-Islami. In other provinces, opportunistic leaders have been accused of using divisive communal sentiments to enrich themselves. “In some constituencies, all the parties are tussling from the same group of voters — if anyone loses, he blames the Hindus (Time, January 14, 2014)”

Conclusion

The violence against Hindus in Bangladesh is a part and result of wider religious intolerance spread against Hindus in the country is not the only cause to be believed. The economic and political aspect of violence in a wider prospect of neighborhood studies is required to understand the phenomena of Hindu subjugation in the country.

There is a great possibility of underreporting of actual intensity of the violence and oppression if we critically analyze the political, social and democratic situation prevailing and the status of media in Bangladesh over the last 42 years. Whatever may be the cause of the violence against Hindus in Bangladesh, but it is clear that almost all the political parties of Bangladesh are trying to derive political mileage from the plight of Hindus.

Besides, draconian laws like vested property act is a useful instrument to grab Hindu land holdings by the majority Muslim community. In the absence of any major economic opportunities, agricultural land is the only economic resource for which there is a lot of competition to grab and successive governments played an instrumental role in grabbing Hindu land to satisfy the majority influential community.

Most of the Hindus hold the view that land is the major reason for which they have been attacked historically. Being one of the influential countries in the South Asian region, India should try to influence Bangladeshi authorities to save the minorities Hindus in Bangladesh. When there is already a world opinion on the issue, India and the Hindus in rest of the world need to intensify their campaign for safeguarding of minority rights in Bangladesh.

The question is “Why the World Leaders and All Human Rights Organisations behaved as ‘Sitting Ducks’ and let the religious persecution of Bangladeshi Hindus to happen, Which is still going on”?

References:

ohchr.org - AZAD S., Status Of Minority Communities In Bangladesh
Mohsin A. (2009); Religion – A tool for discrimination in South Asia?, Bangladesh, (1st Chapter), South Asians for Human Rights (SAHR), Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
my.telegraph.co.uk - My Telegraph (December 27th, 2012); Minorities are no Longer Safe under Awami League’s Rule 
newagebd.com - New Age (January 11, 2014); Attacks on Minorities
vifindia.org - Dr Atanu Mohapatra | Dr Prakash Chandra Sahoo
thedailystar.net - The Daily Star (January 10, 2014); Gonojagoron Mancha Starts Road March to Jessore Today
kreately.in - by Ankush Bhandari